Dashed left edge = started before this timeline ·
Dashed right edge = still ongoing
Events in 1648 3
1568 – 1648Eighty Years' WarDutch Revolt against SpainThe Dutch provinces fought for independence from Spanish rule.
1618 – 1648Thirty Years' WarReligious war in the Holy Roman EmpireOne of the most devastating wars in European history ravaged the German states, causing massive destruction and population loss.
1648Peace of MünsterDutch independence recognizedSpain officially recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic.