1835

Events in 1835 13

• 1801 – 1835 Vincenzo Bellini Bel canto opera master Italian composer whose lyrical operas Norma and La Sonnambula are the pinnacle of the bel canto style, admired by Chopin and Wagner.
• 1835 – 1919 Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) Died 11 August 1919, aged 83 Carnegie built the Carnegie Steel Company into the dominant force in the American steel industry before selling it in 1901 to devote himself to philanthropy. He gave away most of his fortune, funding thousands of public libraries and institutions worldwide.
• 1835 – 1908 Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) Died 15 November 1908, aged 73 Cixi effectively ruled Qing dynasty China as regent for nearly half a century, dominating the court during a period of foreign intervention and internal upheaval. She died one day after the Guangxu Emperor, whom she had kept confined for years. Her death was followed by the enthronement of the child emperor Puyi.
• 1835 First railway in Belgium Brussels–Mechelen The first steam railway on the European mainland, and the first anywhere built and owned by a state from the outset. Belgium, independent for only five years, used it to bypass Dutch control of the Scheldt.
• 1835 First railway in Germany Nuremberg–Fürth, the Ludwigsbahn Germany's first railway ran just six kilometres, hauled by the locomotive Adler with an English driver who was paid more than any German on the line.
• 1835 – 1907 Giosue Carducci (1835-1907) Died 16 February 1907, aged 71 Italian poet and the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, awarded in 1906 for his mastery of classical and civic verse. He was also a scholar and professor at the University of Bologna. He died in Bologna.
• 1835 – 1909 Leopold II of Belgium (1835-1909) Died 17 December 1909, aged 74 Leopold II reigned as King of the Belgians from 1865 until his death and personally owned the Congo Free State as a private colonial venture. His administration there was marked by forced labour and mass killing that drew international condemnation, forcing Belgium to annex the territory in 1908. He died at Laeken on 17 December 1909.
• 1835 – 1881 Nikolai Rubinstein (1835-1881) Died 23 March 1881, aged 45 Russian pianist and conductor who founded the Moscow Conservatory and championed the music of Tchaikovsky. He was a leading figure in Russian musical life during the late nineteenth century. He died in Paris while seeking treatment for tuberculosis.
• 1835 – 1914 Pope Pius X (1835-1914) Died 20 August 1914, aged 79 Born Giuseppe Sarto, Pius X reigned as Pope from 1903 and was known for promoting frequent Communion and opposing theological modernism. He died shortly after the outbreak of the war he had tried to avert. He was later canonized in 1954.
• 1835 – 1902 Samuel Butler (1835-1902) Died 18 June 1902, aged 66 Butler was an English novelist and satirist best known for his utopian novel "Erewhon" and his autobiographical novel "The Way of All Flesh," published posthumously. His work influenced later writers with its skepticism toward Victorian social conventions.
• 1835 The Kalevala National Epic The publication of the national epic, which was crucial in the development of the Finnish national identity.
• 1835 – 1921 Camille Saint-Saëns French Romantic composer French composer of the Carnival of the Animals, Organ Symphony and the opera Samson et Dalila. One of the most versatile composers of the 19th century.
• 1835 – 1910 Mark Twain American writer and humorist Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, using satire to critique society and capture American life.