1876

Events in 1876 33

• 1803 – 1876 Ferenc Deak (1803-1876) Died 28 January 1876, aged 72 Ferenc Deak was a Hungarian statesman known as the Wise Man of the Nation for negotiating the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise that created the dual monarchy. He died in Budapest on January 28, 1876.
• 1804 – 1876 George Sand (1804-1876) Died 8 June 1876, aged 71 George Sand, the pen name of Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, was a French novelist and memoirist celebrated for works including Indiana and La Mare au Diable. She died at her estate in Nohant on June 8, 1876.
• 1814 – 1876 Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) Died 1 July 1876, aged 62 Mikhail Bakunin was a Russian revolutionary and philosopher regarded as one of the founders of the anarchist movement, known for his rivalry with Karl Marx within the First International. He died in Bern, Switzerland, on July 1, 1876.
• 1830 – 1876 Abdulaziz (1830-1876) Died 4 June 1876, aged 46 Abdulaziz was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1861 until he was deposed in a coup on May 30, 1876. He was found dead in the Topkapi Palace days later, officially ruled a suicide though many historians suspect murder.
• 1837 – 1876 Wild Bill Hickok (1837-1876) Died 2 August 1876, aged 39 James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok was a folk hero of the American frontier, known as a gunfighter, lawman, and gambler. He was shot and killed while playing poker in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, on August 2, 1876.
• 1839 – 1876 George Armstrong Custer (1839-1876) Died 25 June 1876, aged 36 George Armstrong Custer was a US Army officer who rose to fame as a cavalry commander in the Civil War. He was killed with his command at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876.
• 1854 – 1876 Otto cycle — internal combustion engine Nikolaus Otto's four-stroke cycle powers the automobile age Nikolaus Otto of Germany patented the four-stroke internal combustion cycle in 1876, building on earlier work by Lenoir and others. The Otto cycle — intake, compression, combustion, exhaust — is the operating principle of virtually every petrol and diesel engine ever built. It transformed transport and industry and was the direct precursor of the automobile and the aeroplane.
• 1864 – 1876 Maxwell, Bell and the telephone signal Electromagnetic waves carry information — telecommunications born Maxwell's 1864 equations predicted that electromagnetic waves could carry information through space. Alexander Graham Bell's 1876 telephone transmitted the human voice electrically for the first time. These two developments together established the principle that information can be encoded in electromagnetic signals — the foundation of all modern telecommunications.
• 1876 – 1903 Alexander I of Serbia (1876-1903) Assassinated 11 June 1903, aged 26 Alexander I Obrenoviu0107 became King of Serbia in 1889 and ruled amid persistent political turmoil. He was killed along with his wife, Queen Draga, by army officers in a palace coup on 11 June 1903. His death ended the Obrenoviu0107 dynasty's rule over Serbia.
• 1876 – 1957 Constantin Brancusi (1876-1957) Died 16 March 1957, aged 81 Romanian sculptor regarded as a pioneer of modernism, celebrated for abstract works such as Bird in Space and The Kiss. He spent most of his career working in Paris.
• 1876 – 1944 Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876-1944) Died 2 December 1944, aged 67 Italian poet and founder of Futurism, whose 1909 Futurist Manifesto celebrated speed, machines and violence. He was a prominent supporter of Italian Fascism. He died at Bellagio while serving the Italian Social Republic.
• 1876 First railway in China Woosung Road Railway, Shanghai Built without permission by a British firm. Local officials bought it, closed it after a year and had the track torn up and shipped to Taiwan. China's railway age effectively restarted in 1881.
• 1876 – 1928 Hideyo Noguchi (1876-1928) Died 21 May 1928, aged 51 Japanese bacteriologist at the Rockefeller Institute. He identified the syphilis bacterium in the brains of patients with progressive paralysis. He died of yellow fever in Accra while researching the disease.
• 1876 – 1916 Jack London (1876-1916) Died 22 November 1916, aged 40 Jack London was an American novelist best known for "The Call of the Wild" and "White Fang." He died at his ranch in California at age 40, having become one of the first American authors to earn a fortune from popular fiction.
• 1876 – 1967 Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Died 19 April 1967, aged 91 West Germany's first chancellor led the country's post-war reconstruction and integration into Western Europe from 1949 to 1963. He was a founding figure of European integration and a central architect of the Franco-German reconciliation.
• 1876 – 1944 Max Jacob (1876-1944) Died 5 March 1944, aged 67 French poet and painter, a friend of Picasso and Apollinaire and an important figure in early modernism. Born Jewish, he converted to Catholicism. He was arrested by the Gestapo and died in the Drancy internment camp.
• 1876 – 1973 Pablo Casals (1876-1973) Died 22 October 1973, aged 96 Pablo Casals, the Spanish-Catalan cellist and conductor widely regarded as one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century, died in Puerto Rico. He was also known for refusing to perform in countries that recognized Franco's government.
• 1876 – 1958 Pope Pius XII (1876-1958) Died 9 October 1958, aged 82 Born Eugenio Pacelli, he served as pope from 1939 through the Second World War and the early Cold War. His wartime conduct, particularly regarding the Holocaust, remains a subject of historical debate.
• 1876 – 1941 Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941) Died 8 March 1941, aged 64 Sherwood Anderson was an American writer best known for the story cycle Winesburg, Ohio. He died in Panama during a cruise.
• 1876 The Telephone Voice Transmission The device that allowed instant voice communication over vast distances.
• 1876 – 1933 Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (1876-1933) Died 17 December 1933, aged 57 Spiritual and political leader of Tibet who declared its independence from China in 1913. He tried to modernise the Tibetan state and army.
• 1876 – 1930 Zewditu (1876-1930) Died 2 April 1930, aged 53 Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 and the first woman to rule Ethiopia in her own right. The regent Ras Tafari succeeded her and was crowned Haile Selassie.
• 1876 Porfirio Diaz seizes power in Mexico The Tuxtepec Rebellion topples President Lerdo de Tejada General Porfirio Diaz launched the Plan of Tuxtepec in January 1876 against the re-election of President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. After defeating government forces at the Battle of Tecoac in November, Diaz entered Mexico City and assumed the presidency, beginning a rule that would last, with one interruption, until 1911.
• 1876 The National League of baseball is founded Professional baseball's oldest surviving league is formed Club owners meeting in New York founded the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs on February 2, 1876, replacing the earlier National Association. The league became the older of the two that still make up Major League Baseball.
• 1876 Treaty of Ganghwa signed Japan forces Korea to open to foreign trade On February 26, 1876, Japan and the Joseon Kingdom of Korea signed the Treaty of Ganghwa, ending Korea's isolationist policy and opening designated ports to Japanese trade. The unequal treaty, modeled on those imposed on Japan by Western powers, marked the start of Japanese influence over Korea.
• 1876 Suppression of the Bulgarian April Uprising Ottoman irregulars crush a Bulgarian revolt An uprising by Bulgarian nationalists against Ottoman rule that began on April 20, 1876, was crushed within weeks by irregular Ottoman troops, with massacres at Batak and other villages killing thousands of civilians. News of the atrocities, publicized in Britain by William Gladstone, turned European opinion against the Ottoman Empire and helped trigger the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78.
• 1876 Royal Titles Act grants Victoria the title Empress of India British Parliament creates a new imperial title for the Queen The British Parliament passed the Royal Titles Act on April 27, 1876, authorizing Queen Victoria to adopt the additional title Empress of India. The change, promoted by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, was formally proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar on January 1, 1877.
• 1876 Centennial Exposition opens in Philadelphia First official World's Fair held in the United States The Centennial International Exhibition opened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1876, marking the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Nearly ten million visitors saw exhibits including the Corliss steam engine before it closed on November 10.
• 1876 Ottoman succession crisis deposes two sultans Abdulaziz and Murad V both lose the throne within months Sultan Abdulaziz was deposed in a palace coup on May 30, 1876, and found dead days later. His successor Murad V, judged mentally unfit, was himself deposed on August 31, 1876, and replaced by his brother Abdul Hamid II, giving the Ottoman Empire three sultans in a single year.
• 1876 Publication of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Mark Twain's novel of boyhood on the Mississippi Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was first published in England in June 1876, followed by a US edition in December. The book became one of the most widely read works of American fiction.
• 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho forces defeat the US 7th Cavalry On June 25-26, 1876, warriors led by Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, inspired by Sitting Bull, annihilated five companies of the US 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer near the Little Bighorn River in Montana. The defeat shocked the American public during its centennial year and hastened the Army campaign to force Plains tribes onto reservations.
• 1876 Serbia and Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman Empire Balkan states rise in support of Bulgarian rebels Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on June 30, 1876, followed by Montenegro, in support of the Bulgarian uprising and Balkan Christian populations. Serbian forces were defeated and an armistice was agreed that autumn, but the conflict drew Russia into the region and led toward the Russo-Turkish War.
• 1876 Colorado admitted as a US state The "Centennial State" joins the Union Colorado was admitted as the 38th state of the United States on August 1, 1876, the centennial year of American independence, earning it the nickname the Centennial State.